Prolotherapy Research

Prolotherapy Definition: Injection to stimulate healing of soft tissue. 

Types of Prolotherapy:  Enthesofascial, myofascial and neurofascial (See recent talk  for explanation)

Site Administrator: K. Dean Reeves, M.D., AAPM&R, Clinical Associate Professor, University of Kansas.   DeanReevesMD@gmail.com  (913) 362 1600

DNA not by chance. 

Summary:    The probability of making DNA of any simple organism by chance with all ingredients available is 1/10 with 60 million zeros.  The probability of picking out one specific grain of sand from the sea is estimated as 1/10 with 15 zeros.  Even a billion chemical reactions a second over billions of years would only provide 1/10 with 158 zeros chances. (The bold print below summarizes the information presented) 

Detail: DNA is impossible to make by chance, but it must be made before replication can occur.

1) DNA is composed of 2 strands hooked together. Each strand consists of alternating building blocks which are called bases which connect one after the other. We will call them A, B, C, & D since in DNA there are a minimum of 4 choices. Standard probability indicates that, on average, getting the desired building block to begin the chain would take 4 tries.

2) The number of tries it would take for two bases to line up in exactly the order we want can be figured out by multiplying 4 X 4. Ex: If a strand of DNA must start out with AB, to get that combination would take 4 X 4 or 16 tries.

3) Most chemical reactions in the body go forward or backward.  For these purposes, let's assume that they only go forward to give the benefit of doubt to the possibility of making DNA by chance.

4) Let's assume that once we have one chain of the DNA (RNA) it will automatically be converted into a double chain (DNA).

5) In Zubay’s textbook of biochemistry (Zubay, Geoffrey L. Biochemistry 4th Edition, 1998, William C. Brown, Dubuque, Iowa), the number of pairs of bases in the DNA of the simplest plant, insect or algae is 100,000,000. Therefore, one single strand of DNA (RNA) will have 100,000,000 single bases.

6) In order to pair up 100,000,000 bases in a row in a specific way by chance it would take

4^100,000,000 tries. Converting this to a power of 10 results to 10 ^60,200,000.

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7) Let's make a generous assumption and assume that no organisms are more complex than simple algae and that there are a billion ways to order the DNA to make an organism. This means that it takes a billion less tries to make the simplest DNA. This still means that it would take 10 ^60,199,991 tries to make DNA of any organism.

1. Assume that bases, instead of being large compounds, are all the size of electrons.

2. Assume they can react a billion times a second

3. Assume the universe is 10 billion light years wide. This has been estimated to hold 10¹³⁰ electrons if the electrons were packed together without space.

4. Assume 100 billion years of time.

5. The number of tries or events in all of time in all the universe by these generous assumptions would be 10¹³⁰ electrons X 10⁹ reactions per second X 10¹¹ years X 31,536,000 seconds in a year = 3.1536 X10^130+9+11+7 3.2 X 10¹⁵⁷

1. Number of tries available/number of tries needed = 10¹⁵⁸/10 ^60,199,991

2. This equals  a probability of 1 in 10 ^{60,199,991-158} = 1 / 10 ^60,199,733

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D. The probability of choosing one specific insect randomly if all the insects in the whole world were gathered in one place, assuming 100 trillion insects, would be 1 in 10¹². Picking one specific grain of sand out of the sea, assuming 100 quadrillion grains of sand, would be 1 in 10¹⁵. Yet we are talking about a probability of 1 in 10 ^60,199,733.

E. According to standard mathematics of probability, if the likelihood of an event happening is less than 1 out of all the tries available it is considered impossible. Therefore if it would take 1 X 10¹⁵⁸ tries for something to occur, and there were 10¹⁵⁸ tries available it would be considered possible, but if it took more than that many tries it would be considered impossible. Remember that, according to reasonable calculations, it would take 10 ^60,199,991 tries. It is safe to say then that by any means of trial and error the chances of making functioning DNA by time and chance are unequivocally impossible.

F. Note that the same type of statistical calculations can be used to demonstrate that the protein necessary to replicate DNA could not have been produced by chance, etc.